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Specifically, a pragmatist ethical and territorial approach addresses local power dynamics, to overcome the frequent framing of the “local” as a place of harmony and social cohesion. It also addresses the interrelations of all actors of a food system of a given territory, including mainstream ones (Lamine et al., 2019; Reckinger et al., 2020), instead of idealizing AFN studied in isolation. The concept of CFN, emerging in the 2010s in various European countries, consciously fills this gap in research by putting civil society organizations as a governance mechanism for such initiatives in the foreground. Thus, CFN are complementary to LFS and SFSC—which both have a specific, yet partial angle. Likewise, CFN assume the preferential analysis of social movement commitment in food-related innovations by developing new relationships between consumers and producers, thus fostering food citizenship.

Actors pursue certain agendas and outcomes, such as social justice or economic viability, which are not specific on food operating on a determined scale , but they rather depend on the orientation of the actors putting the strategy in place, their interaction and modes of working. The comparative literature review has revealed that over time scholars have treated AFN as an umbrella concept. In this discussion, I take a closer look at the unsolved issues and ambiguities of AFN from social, economic, and environmental viewpoints, which leads me to suggest adopting a pragmatist approach, focusing prominently on shared ethical values and territoriality. Also, examining which are the values that are conveyed as a viable alternative to the dominant extractive and exploitative food system, and which are the values that remain shaky, even in these alternative models, shows the need for a conceptual reframing.