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For food system academics, however, stating mere localness is an insufficient conceptual framework, as it does not convey inherent values of sustainability by itself, and therefore does not allow conclusions about further values. These have to be addressed by applying additional concepts to the specificities of non-mainstream produce. Mastronardi, L.; Romagnoli, L.; Mazzocchi, G.; Giaccio, V.; Marino, D. Understanding consumer’s motivations and behaviour in alternative food networks.

AFN include different social constructions and equations with ecology, localness, quality conventions, and consumer cultures; their inherent diversity is key. A focus on citizen-consumers’ governance potential can address unanswered theoretical perspectives among LFS, SFSC, and AFN, specifically regarding the interplay of market, state and civil society actors. CFN’s main contribution consists in considering voluntary, associational principles and participatory forms of self-management by citizens, rooted in civil society , as governance mechanisms. More distinctive features of localness are social connectedness and embeddedness based on reciprocity and trust, particularly in direct interactions.

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Their concrete impacts still need to be further researched, especially as they might preserve power structures or even foster new power imbalances when highly specific knowledge is required. SFSC are seen as active attempts by producers to recapture value in the supply chain and ultimately to enhance the viability of small and mid-scale farmers, through creating alliances between producers and their supply chain partners (Ostrom et al., 2017). With its distinctive economic focus, it is used in numerous large cross-country EU-funded research projects. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization proposed six broad types of SFSC ; France, for instance, has formalized an official definition of SFSC6 since 2009. This is an empirical and highly subjective evidence, that cannot be theorized beyond this very subjectivity nor clearly delimited geographically.

• It all turned out to be too good to be true, however, when it was revealed in 2008 that Irvine’s resume was substantially padded.
• The processes of “short-circuiting” the conventional chains take a wide diversity of forms over time and space; they should also be regarded as additional or superimposed on existing, long agri-food chains (Marsden & Banks 2003) and still subjected to capitalistic market logics.
• We also know that in the case of embedded networks that this is not simple copying of traditions and patterns, but rather their transformation when transferred into another region (e.g., CSA as quick purchases).
• Like for the other concepts, CFN regroup a wide diversity of empirical realities.

Limiting our argument to CEE examples, researchers who use conceptual frameworks originating from the centre devote much less time to studies of AFNs such as allotments , self-subsistence networks , informal networks of exchange with family or close friends , foraging , or top-down networks such as local brands. The development of sustainable food systems in Central and Eastern Europe have had a unique character. Along with the political and economic transformation from the communist regime to liberal democracy and a market economy in the early 1990s, these countries began to introduce a framework of food production and consumption based on a neoliberal economic model and technocratically defined innovations. In agriculture, the modernisation paradigm has defined a policy that favours farm enlargement and capital-intensive farming over smaller, labour-intensive farms.

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In this article, we refer only to studies conducted in one CEE country, Poland. While being aware there are multiple differences in the historical and economic trajectories of different CEE countries, we believe there are many common experiences regarding the food system that make Poland quite typical in this respect. In this article, we also rely on the literature on AFNs in other CEE countries to obtain a broader, comparative perspective. Studies conducted in CEE countries, cited in Section 2, and our own in Section 4, demonstrate that AFNs in the region are not an unthinking imitation of activities arising in other social and cultural contexts. We also know that in the case of embedded networks that this is not simple copying of traditions and patterns, but rather their transformation when transferred into another region (e.g., CSA as quick purchases).